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Anybody here running AD on-prem in your homelab?

I'm curious as to why someone would need to do that short of having a bunch of users and a small office at home. Or maybe managing the family's computers is easier that way?

I was considering a domain controller (biased towards linux since most servers/VMs are linux) but right now, for the homelab, it just seems like a shiny new toy to play with rather than something that can make life easier/more secure. There's also the problem of HA and being locked out of your computer if the DC is down.

Tell me why you're running it and the setup you've got that makes having a DC worth it.

Thanks!

Kid_Thunder ,

Personally I use FreeIPA for my LDAP. I like that I can create sudoers rules from one centralized place and manage ssh keys across all clients. Granted I could just use Ansible I suppose, which is how I update multiple distributions in my network and online but I like that I can just change SSH keys and sudoers from one place easily instead of changing tasks/roles. I also usually run cockpit even on my non-Red Hat distros with SSH keys just so I don't have to log into everything though it is somewhat limited outside of the Red Hat sphere.

If you don't want to use ProxMox or some other specialized HyperVisor ecosystem, you can also use Cockpit to manager your VMs along with your Pods. I wish there'd be more attention to it for features because it feels like it could do a lot more.

I also don't really worry about locking myself out for two reasons:

  1. I use SSH keys.
  2. I also have a break-glass local account on every system...with SSH keys. If its on your local network, you can use VNC/VM console/Remote Desktop with a local account while only allowing SSH with keys if you'd like. Just make sure if you're going to allow remote access outside of your network that you never forward the VNC/RDP ports. For SSH when I do this I always pick some random port -- never default and never common ones like 2222 to at least keep my logs less noisy from the botnet auto attacks.

For my online VPS' I use a firewall with geoIP from Maxmind and drop all ports but 443 from the world, except for whatever country I'm in. I drop all packets from certain countries that seem to auto-attack more often than others. I try to drop packets from all known (to me) Shodan scanners. If I'm not traveling I just restrict all other ports to my public IP's subnet though my IP hasn't changed for years. For status checking services like StatusCake, I use the "push" method instead using a simple cron job with curl instead of relying on servers around the world checking my ports. In this case, the services just check that my server has successfully hit them within X minutes to be "up".

MigratingtoLemmy OP ,

Thank you for your experience using FreeIPA, your comment really got me re-thinking about AD, about trust setups and if I really needed a Windows domain controller other than for learning. Being able to manage Sudoers centrally is fantastic!

I plan to use XCP-ng as my hypervisor.

Unfortunately, I didn't quite catch how using SSH keys will keep you from getting locked out if your domain controller goes down. That sounds exactly like what I want, and great idea having a spare account on each machine!

Thanks for your comment, very informative!

Kid_Thunder ,

The SSH keys don't help me if I get locked out of a Domain Controller unless you're using OpenSSH (which is now a native feature you can turn on). In that case you can actually still log into the DC via command line because it authenticates based on authorized_keys and not the LDAP of the DC. I actually do this on the enterprise, not because I may get locked out but because it is just convenient. Granted you'll have to execute powershell on the command line once in to use the AD cmdlets.

On the other hand when you create a DC now-a-days (Server 2019...I don't remember if this is asked in the wizard when in Server 2016) you can create a "Directory Services Restore Mode" password which is basically a local admin account on the DC that you can log into only when the DC is booted into safe mode. You'll be asked to create it when you promote your DC.

MigratingtoLemmy OP ,

Thanks, great to know about Restore Mode.

MigratingtoLemmy OP ,

Hey, I'd like to ask you one more thing: is it possible to set up short-term credentials which can be provisioned and invalidated automatically with policies? I'm looking towards an idea of a self-hosted AWS STS without installing a secrets manager like Conjur and I think it should technically be possible with FreeIPA. Please let me know what you think.

kylian0087 ,

I in fact run a AD domain controller *and *a rhel IDM controller. For me other then it is fun to play with, makes it a load more simple to manage the user accounts of my famalie. Also auto mounting network shares and setting a few policys for updates and security is great to from a central location. having SSO for many if my services also makes it more easy to use for the fam. The rhel IDM controller I use to manage a few user accounts. I also use it to manage the ssh keys and set sudo rules on all my servers.

cm0002 ,

I do, for a multitude of reasons

  • Easier management of family computers
  • an authoritative source for Authentik SSO
  • Learning experience, I'm also heavy Linux, but I try to maintain an OS agnostic philosophy with my skill set so I can have options in my career
  • I was bored
  • Again, since I like to maintain an OS agnostic philosophy I have a healthy mix of Windows, Linux and MacOS devices, and you CAN in fact join Linux (w/ SSSD) and MacOS to a domain too

In addition to what others have said with roaming profiles and such:

DO NOT SET YOUR AD DOMAIN AS THE SAME DOMAIN OF A WEB ADDRESS YOU USE

I..er...someone... Found themselves in this situation and have been in a mess since lmao

BigMikeInAustin ,

Some of the best and worst decisions people have made started with, "I was bored." Ha!

cooljacob204 ,

Is there costs associated with this?

cm0002 ,

To deploy AD, that depends.

If you like to sail the high seas AND aren't trying to use it for a business, then no.

If you don't want to sail the high seas or need to use it for a business, then yes, you'll need to buy a Windows Server license

infeeeee ,

You can have ad dc on samba, without windows. Nice all in one solution is UCS univention, works really well and free: https://www.univention.com/products/ucs/

Even in docker, last time i tried this, it was buggy: https://github.com/Fmstrat/samba-domain

Dashi ,

Windows server license and CALs... don't forget that extra little cost just because from MS

huskypenguin ,

Samba v4 has been able to be a domain server forever and it's free. You can also use Synology if you want it off the shelf.

MigratingtoLemmy OP , (edited )

Thank you for the wonderful comment.

Indeed, I was hoping to have a good SSO setup alongside learning about AD and domain services (also looking at the *nix alternatives like FreeIPA).

Could you tell me more about the DNS setup with regards to AD? I'd like to use my own DNS and not have AD be the DNS provider in my network. The idea to put it in its own subdomain is excellent and I'll remember that.

People here also mention an increase in attack surface and security vulnerabilities in running AD/domain services on a network. Now, I agree that letting free access to the domain server and having rogue accounts causing havoc on the network is not great, but I'd like to know more. What has been your experience?

huskypenguin ,

Not the original commenter, but I don't understand how that would increase your attack surface. The AD is inside the network, and if an attacker is already in, you're compromised. There might be way to refrence a DNS server with a windows server, but then you're running windows and your life is now much more difficult.

As per DNS, the AD server must be the DNS provider. If you run something like nethserver in a VM you can use it as a dns & ad server.

The domain thing, the AD server is the authorative for its domain. So if you set it as top level, like myhouse.c()m, it will refrence all dns requests to itself, and any subdomains will not appear. The reccomended way to get around this is to use a subdomain, like ad.myhouse.c()m. Or, maybe you have a domain name to burn and you just want to use that?

MigratingtoLemmy OP ,

Thanks, you're the second person who spoke about Neth server to me. I'll take a look.

I was planning to create a subdomain for it anyway, it's just that I was misled that if I didn't give it control over DNS for the network it wouldn't function properly. That doesn't seem to be case (which I'm glad for).

I do not quite understand how the attack surface is increased other than running Windows on my network. I will have to look deeper into it myself.

Thanks

huskypenguin ,

It may have been me both times. I went down a deep AD hole recently, and was trying to find an easy open source way to do it.

My advice is to put whatever you choose into a vm and snapshot it right before you configure the AD. I think I reconfigured mine 8 times before I was happy.

MigratingtoLemmy OP ,

Will do

huskypenguin ,

I am, and I'm using Neth Server. I use it only for an AD, TrueNAS for file storage and a few VMs, portainer for applications. It was for practice, but Neth makes it so easy, why not? And it can help with some LDAP applications (but I haven't set them up yet)

azl ,

I do. 4 or 5 users and several computers plus virtual server members. I still use Linux for DNS which works surprisingly well after the initial setup.

I did it half for practice and half for fun, but having the authentication backend makes it good enough to keep around.

MigratingtoLemmy OP ,

Could you tell me how you use your own DNS server with AD? I was under the impression that AD wanted to control DNS in the network.

azl ,

There are some SRV and other records which you add for the AD-provided services (kerberos, gc, ldap). This allows your Windows clients to find the domain controllers for authentication via your non-Windows DNS. I think I might have followed a Microsoft or other article when doing the initial setup, but once getting those items in place I haven't had many issues.

redfox ,
@redfox@infosec.pub avatar

I think I'm the most ridiculous, but for the same career reasons as the rest:

Active directory, yes, plus:
Azure cloud sync with entra active directory
Hybrid exchange on prem and office/exchange online.

For better or worse, large enterprise isn't going away from M$.

Also, I have transparent proxy sophos IPS, security Onion IDS, Trellix ePO, and other security products all being integrated for info security testing.

Not suggesting this is normal, just my test/dev playground I don't have to worry about breaking.

MigratingtoLemmy OP ,

Wow, that's real enterprise software!

How do you like Sophos? Is it the free version? I came across another commenter who uses it in my previous post.

redfox ,
@redfox@infosec.pub avatar

I have the old school utm 9, which was self managed. Now it's a cloud managed. I haven't used new cloud portal, sorry.

They still have free home use last I checked. I really like nfr, ce, home use companies.

computergeek125 ,

  1. Yes I do - MS AD DC

  2. I don't have a ton of users, but I have a ton of computers. AD keeps them in sync. Plus I can point services like gitea and vCenter at it for even more. Guacamole highly benefits from this arrangement since I can set the password to match the AD password, and all users on all devices subsequently auto-login, even after a password change.

  3. Used to run single domain controller, now I have two (leftover free forever licenses from college). I plan to upgrade them as a tick/tock so I'm not spending a fortune on licensing frequently

  4. With native Windows clients and I believe sssd realmd joins, the default config is to cache the last hash you used to log in. So if you log in regularly to a server it should have an up to date cache should your DC cluster become unavailable. This feature is also used on corporate laptops that need to roam from the building without an always-on VPN. Enterprises will generally also ensure a backup local account is set up (and optionally auto-rotated) in case the domain becomes unavailable in a bad way so that IT can recover your computer.

  5. I used to run in homemade a Free IPA and a MS AD in a cross forest trust when I started ~5-6y ago on the directory stuff. Windows and Mac were joined to AD, Linux was joined to IPA. (I tried to join Mac to IPA but there was only a limited LDAP connector and AD was more painless and less maintenance). One user to rule them all still. IPA has loads of great features - I especially enjoyed setting my shell, sudoers rules, and ssh keys from the directory to be available everywhere instantly.

But, I had some reliability problems (which may be resolved, I have not followed up) with the update system of IPA at the time, so I ended up burning it down and rejoining all the Linux servers to AD. Since then, the only feature I've lost is centralized sudo and ssh keys (shell can be set in AD if you're clever). sssd handles six key MS group policies using libini, mapping them into relevant PAM policies so you even have some authorization that can be pushed from the DC like in Windows, with some relatively sane defaults.

I will warn - some MS group policies violate Linux INI spec (especially service definitions and firewall rules) can coredump libini, so you should put your Linux servers in a dedicated OU with their own group policies and limited settings in the default domain policy.

MigratingtoLemmy OP , (edited )

Thanks for the great answer.

Using AD for SSO in git-frontends and other applications is a fantastic idea. I will probably also run FreeIPA (that's a name I hadn't heard in a while till this thread, from another commenter) and have a trust relationship.

You're right, this is probably better for learning rather than actually using at home, since most of my computers are linux/BSD, so if I needed a central auth server, I'd probably be better off using something made for *nix.

With that said, I had a curious idea - can I spin up temporary credentials, using something akin to service/machine accounts, rotate credentials and invalidate credentials freely etc? In essence, I'm wondering if this can be a way to implement a sort of homegrown "AWS STS" alternative, for app secrets, workers and the like. I was initially looking at secret management suites like Vault and Conjur but what if this can do it?

Also, can AD encrypt the DB? Can FreeIPA do it? I'd like such an option for security.

Thanks!

computergeek125 ,

I don't have an immediate answer for you on encryption. I know most of the communication is encrypted in flight for AD, and on disk passwords are stored hashed unless the "use reversible encryption field is checked". There are (in Microsoft terms) gMSAs (group-managed service accounts) but other than using one for ADFS (their oath provider), I have little knowledge of how it actually works on the inside.

AD also provides encryption key backup services for Bitlocker (MS full-partition encryption for NTFS) and the local account manager I mentioned, LAPS. Recovering those keys requires either a global admin account or specific permission delegation. On disk, I know MS has an encryption provider that works with the TPM, but I don't have any data about whether that system is used (or where the decryptor is located) for these accounts types with recoverable credentials.

I did read a story recently about a cyber security firm working with an org who had gotten their way all the way down to domain admin, but needed a biometric unlocked Bitwarden to pop the final backup server to "own" the org. They indicated that there was native windows encryption going on, and managed to break in using a now-patched vulnerability in Bitwarden to recover a decryption key achievable by resetting the domain admin's password and doing some windows magic. On my DC at home, all I know is it doesn't need my password to reboot so there's credentials recovery somewhere.

Directly to your question about short term use passwords: I'm not sure there's a way to do it out of the box in MS AD without getting into some overcomplicated process. Accounts themselves can have per-OU password expiration policies that are nanosecond accurate (I know because I once accidentally set a password policy to 365 nanoseconds instead of a year), and you can even set whole account expiry (which would prevent the user from unlocking their expired password with a changed one). Theoretically, you could design/find a system that interacts with your domain to set, impound/encrypt, and manage the account and password expiration of a given set of users, but that would likely be add on software.

MigratingtoLemmy OP ,

Thanks!

alomsimoy ,

I'm running truenas scale with truecharts and I manage all users and groups with the LLDAP chart, which is an stripped down version of ldap. I'm considering deploying another server and running 389ds with replication to increase the features and to learn more about ldap, but overall lldap covers all my necessities regarding user and group managment in all my homelab apps

MigratingtoLemmy OP , (edited )

I am considering FreeIPA myself too! Thanks!

h3ndrik , (edited )

Uh, why use a Microsoft product that doesn't even tie into the rest of the selfhosted services very well? There are easier and way better solutions for SSO and web services. And I don't have a pool of 30 windows laptops that'd need to share a set of login credentials and software rollout, at home.

I'd rather use the time I'd put into such a project that is just work and little to no benefit for something else. For example doing backups, deleting the Windows on those laptops and replacing it with free software.

redfox ,
@redfox@infosec.pub avatar

Sometimes it's for career progression or familiarity.

Just for SSO, might be easier ways, sure.

MigratingtoLemmy OP ,

The main idea was to see if AD will bring any benefit to my homelab. The idea of running a domain controller is very intriguing, and it doesn't need to be AD specifically, although I'd like to get some hands-on time with it too.

Treczoks ,

Keep in mind that AD, Office, and Exchange is he holy trinity of getting hacked in the last years.

redfox ,
@redfox@infosec.pub avatar

Also the cornerstone of enterprise, for better or worse at the moment.

MigratingtoLemmy OP ,

I'll keep that in mind, I've been warned by quite a few people in the comments haha

Nollij ,

You're overlooking a very common reason that people setup a homelab - practice for their careers. Many colleges offer a more legitimate setup for the same purpose, and a similar design. But if you're choosing to learn AD from a free/cheap book instead of a multi-thousand dollar course, you still need a lab to absorb the information and really understand it.

Granted, AD is of limited value to learn these days, but it's still a backbone for countless other tools that are highly relevant.

MigratingtoLemmy OP ,

Learning was definitely a goal, but I'd like to actually find use for what I'm hosting than just "learning", which would affect my motivation and I'd probably delete it right away if I didn't get much use out of it

ShellMonkey ,
@ShellMonkey@lemmy.socdojo.com avatar

Not AD proper but a compatible controller Linux distro to tie the desktops to, plus common credentials across several services. Just simplifies things not having a dozen different logins.

w2tpmf ,

What is that controller distro you use?

I used to use a Linux based AD replacement years ago but they turned that one into a pay model and if I'm going to pay for something I'll just use Windows Server

ShellMonkey , (edited )
@ShellMonkey@lemmy.socdojo.com avatar

https://www.univention.com/

It has all the needed parts plus an interesting plug in app ecosystem if you like that kind of thing. My only real gripe with it though is a pile of high sev vulnerabilities that are picked up by a scanning engine that haven't been fixed for a long time, so I'm reluctant to recommend it unless you have a solid security/segmentation setup in place.

MigratingtoLemmy OP , (edited )

Do you mean something like FreeIPA? Seems like a good way to maintain identity across services in the homelab.

ShellMonkey ,
@ShellMonkey@lemmy.socdojo.com avatar

No, currently univention corporate server (UCS), but I'll give those a look since I've been eyeing a replacement for a while due to some long standing vulns that I'm keen to be rid of.

dankm ,

I set up FreeIPA at home. Similar in principle to AD.

MigratingtoLemmy OP , (edited )

Thanks, I'm considering FreeIPA too. If I run AD, I might run it in a trust relationship with one of these. I will need to look at the extra features that AD gives me over them, of course, otherwise there wouldn't be a point in running AD at all.

Unforeseen ,
@Unforeseen@sh.itjust.works avatar

You could look at freeIPA or something similar to stay on Linux.

I'm an AD specialist, starting when it came out with server 2000, and can tell you it's a waste of time for a home network unless you are doing this just because you want to learn it.

It will definitly not make your life any easier, and will increase attack vectors, especially if you don't know how to secure and protect it.

Godort ,

I agree that for this size of network AD is definitely not something you want to deal with unless you want to learn how it works.

However, I'm not sure it really increases attack vectors to have it running, outside of the fact that it's a new network service on the LAN. The out of the box default configuration is not bad these days, security-wise

Unforeseen ,
@Unforeseen@sh.itjust.works avatar

The attack vectors I'm thinking of just come from the inherent complexity and centralization. I'm just considering the amount of damage that can be done with a compromised DA account for example vs a non directory environment.

It's complicated. Done right it can be more secure, not done right it's less secure.

I also only get brought in for problems for the last however many years, so I'm probaby a bit biased at this point haha.

I have had to tell companies they are going to have to rebuild thier AD from scratch because they didn't know what thier DSRM password was (usually after a ransomware attack). These are the sort of hassles I think about vs non AD.

wreckedcarzz ,
@wreckedcarzz@lemmy.world avatar

For the rest of us: DSRM

MigratingtoLemmy OP ,

I'll keep that in mind, thank you

MigratingtoLemmy OP ,

Thank you. I was planning to keep my domain controller offline (not connected to the internet) and run a WSUS to update it, but I'll keep that in mind. Indeed, I could use FreeIPA too, and I'll probably need to consider if it's even worth it to run a DC at all. It just seemed like a really solid idea for learning more about DCs, but indeed, now that I think about it, it doesn't have much use in a homelab other than the people running mini datacenters in their labs.

Thanks!

Decronym Bot , (edited )

Acronyms, initialisms, abbreviations, contractions, and other phrases which expand to something larger, that I've seen in this thread:

Fewer Letters More Letters
DNS Domain Name Service/System
Git Popular version control system, primarily for code
IP Internet Protocol
Plex Brand of media server package
SSH Secure Shell for remote terminal access
SSO Single Sign-On
VNC Virtual Network Computing for remote desktop access
VPN Virtual Private Network
VPS Virtual Private Server (opposed to shared hosting)

[Thread for this sub, first seen 13th Feb 2024, 02:55]
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technohacker ,
@technohacker@programming.dev avatar

I find it funny it didn't point out Active Directory

taladar ,

Possibly because ad also exists as a word?

ako946659663 ,
@ako946659663@lemm.ee avatar

Thank you!
I was curious why someone would use Azure DevOps for their homelab. Lol.

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